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In software development and product management, a user story is an informal, natural language description of one or more features of a software system. User stories are often written from the perspective of an end user or user of a system. They are often recorded on index cards, on Post-it notes, or in project management software. Depending on the project, user stories may be written by various stakeholders including clients, users, managers or development team members.
User stories are a type of boundary object. They facilitate sensemaking and communication, that is, they help software teams organize their understanding of the system and its context.[1]
User stories are often confused with system requirements. A requirement is a formal description of need; a user story is an informal description of a feature.
History[edit]
In 1998 Alistair Cockburn visited the Chrysler C3 project in Detroit and coined the phrase 'A user story is a promise for a conversation.'[2]
With Extreme Programming (XP),[3] user stories were a part of the planning game.
In 2001, Ron Jeffries proposed a 'Three Cs' formula for user story creation:[4]
User stories are written by or for users or customers to influence the functionality of the system being developed. In some teams, the product manager (or product owner in Scrum), is primarily responsible for formulating user stories and organizing them into a product backlog. In other teams, anyone can write a user story. User stories can be developed through discussion with stakeholders, based on personas or simply made up.
Common templates[edit]
User stories may follow one of several formats or templates. The most common would be the Connextra template:[5][6]
Chris Matts suggested that 'hunting the value' was the first step in successfully delivering software, and proposed this alternative:[7]
Elias Weldemichael, on the other hand, suggested the 'so that' clause is perhaps optional although still often helpful:[8]
Another template based on the Five Ws specifies:[citation needed]
Another template based on Rachel Davies' popular template:[9]
where a persona is a fictional stakeholder (e.g. user). A persona may include a name, picture, characteristics, behaviors, attitudes, and a goal which the product should help them achieve.
Examples[edit]
Screening Quiz (Epic Story)
Quiz Recall
Limited Backup
Usage[edit]
As a central part of many agile development methodologies, such as in XP's planning game, user stories define whathas to be built in the software project. User stories are prioritized by thecustomer (or the product owner in Scrum) to indicate which are most important for the system and will be brokendown into tasks and estimated by the developers. One way of estimating is via a Fibonacci scale.
When user stories are about to be implemented, the developers should havethe possibility to talk to the customer about it. The short stories may bedifficult to interpret, may require some background knowledge or therequirements may have changed since the story was written.
User stories can be expanded to add detail based on these conversations. This can include notes, attachments and acceptance criteria.
Acceptance criteria[edit]
Mike Cohn defines acceptance criteria as ânotes about what the story must do in order for the product owner to accept it as complete.â[12] They define the boundaries of a user story, and are used to confirm when a story is completed and working as intended.
Every user story must at some point have one or more acceptance criteria or acceptance testsattached, allowing the developer to test when the user story is done andalso allowing the customer to validate it. Without a precise formulation ofthe requirements, prolonged nonconstructive arguments may arise when theproduct is to be delivered.
Techniques to craft acceptance criteria[edit]Example mapping[edit]
Example Mapping is a simple technique that can steer the conversation and derive Acceptance criteria within 30 minutes .The process involves breaking each stories into Rules and Examples[13]
SHEQC Grooming[edit]
SHEQC grooming enables teams to groom a complex user story in less than 45 min using design thinking techniques . The process involves the double diamond[14] rule for brainstorming and the out come is a set of question and Acceptance criteria for the story .[15]
Benefits[edit]
There is no good evidence that using user stories increases software success or developer productivity. However, user stories facilitate sensemaking without undue problem structuring, which is linked to success.[16]
Limitations[edit]
Limitations of user stories include:
Scale-up problem
User stories written on small physical cards are hard to maintain, difficult to scale to large projects and troublesome for geographically distributed teams.
Vague, informal and incomplete
User story cards are regarded as conversation starters. Being informal, they are open to many interpretations. Being brief, they do not state all of the details necessary to implement a feature. Stories are therefore inappropriate for reaching formal agreements or writing legal contracts.[17]
Lack of non-functional requirements
User stories rarely include performance or non-functional requirement details, so non-functional tests (e.g. response time) may be overlooked.
Relationship and Usage of User Stories to Epics, Themes, Initiatives[edit]
In many contexts user stories are used and also summarized in groups for semantic and organizational reasons. The different usages depend on the point-of-view, e.g. either looking from a user perspective as product owner in relation to features or a company perspective in relation to task organization.
While some suggest to use 'epic' and 'theme' as labels for any thinkable kind of grouping of user stories, organization management tends to useit for strong structuring and uniting work loads. For instance, Jira, seems to use a hierarchically organized to-do-list, in which they named the first level of to-do-tasks 'user-story', the second level 'epics' ( grouping of user stories ) and the third level 'initiatives' ( grouping of epics ). However, initiatives are not always present in product management development and just add another level of granularity. In Jira, 'themes' exist ( for tracking purposes ) that allow to cross-relate and group items of different parts of the fixed hierarchy.[18][19]In this usage, Jira, shifts the meaning of themes in an organization perspective: e.g how much time did we spent on developing theme 'xyz'. But another definition of themes is: a set of stories, epics, features etc for a user that forms a common semantic unit or goal. There is probably not a common definition because different approaches exist for different styles of product design and development. In this sense, some also suggest to not use any kind of hard groups and hierarchies.[20][21][22][23][24][25]
Epic
Large stories or multiple user stories that are very closely related are summarized as epics. A common explanation of epics is also: a user story that is too big for a sprint.
Initiative
Multiple epics or stories grouped together hierarchically, mostly known from Jira.
Theme
Multiple epics or stories grouped together by a common theme or semantic relationship.
Story map[edit]
A story map in action
A story map[26] is a graphical, two-dimensional visualization of the product backlog. At the top of the map are the headings under which stories are grouped, usually referred to as 'epics' (big coarse-grained user stories[27]), 'themes' (collections of related user stories[28]) or 'activities'. These are identified by orienting at the userâs workflow or 'the order you'd explain the behavior of the system'. Vertically, below the epics, the actual story cards are allocated and ordered by priority. The first horizontal row is a 'walking skeleton'[29] and below that represents increasing sophistication.[30][clarification needed]
In this way it becomes possible to describe even large systems without losing the big picture.
Comparing with use cases[edit]
A use case has been described as 'a generalized description of a set of interactions between the system and one or more actors, where an actor is either a user or another system.'[31] While user stories and use cases have some similarities, there are several differences between them.
Kent Beck, Alistair Cockburn, Martin Fowler and others discussed this topic further on the c2.com wiki (the home of extreme programming).[33]
See also[edit]References[edit]
Further reading[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_story&oldid=900244180'
Bing is a web search engine owned and operated by Microsoft. The service has its origins in Microsoft's previous search engines: MSN Search, Windows Live Search and later Live Search. Bing provides a variety of search services, including web, video, image and map search products. It is developed using ASP.NET.
Bing, Microsoft's replacement for Live Search, was unveiled by Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer on May 28, 2009, at the All Things Digital conference in San Diego, California, for release on June 3, 2009.[3] Notable new features at the time included the listing of search suggestions while queries are entered and a list of related searches (called 'Explore pane') based on semantic technology from Powerset,[4] which Microsoft had acquired in 2008.[5]
In July 2009, Microsoft and Yahoo! announced a deal in which Bing would power Yahoo! Search.[6] All Yahoo! Search global customers and partners made the transition by early 2012.[7] The deal was altered in 2015, meaning Yahoo! was only required to use Bing for a 'majority' of searches.[8]
In October 2011, Microsoft stated that they were working on new back-end search infrastructure with the goal of delivering faster and slightly more relevant search results for users. Known as 'Tiger', the new index-serving technology had been incorporated into Bing globally since August that year.[9] In May 2012, Microsoft announced another redesign of its search engine that includes 'Sidebar', a social feature that searches users' social networks for information relevant to the search query.[10]
As of October 2018, Bing is the third largest search engine globally, with a query volume of 4.58%, behind Google (77%) and Baidu (14.45%). Yahoo! Search, which Bing largely powers, has 2.63%.[11]
HistoryMSN Search
MSN Search homepage in 2002
MSN Search homepage in 2006
Microsoft originally launched MSN Search in the third quarter of 1998, using search results from Inktomi. It consisted of a search engine, index, and web crawler. In early 1999, MSN Search launched a version which displayed listings from Looksmart blended with results from Inktomi except for a short time in 1999 when results from AltaVista were used instead. Microsoft decided to make a large investment in web search by building its own web crawler for MSN Search, the index of which was updated weekly and sometimes daily. The upgrade started as a beta program in November 2004, and came out of beta in February 2005.[12] This occurred a year after rival Yahoo! Search rolled out its own crawler too. Image search was powered by a third party, Picsearch. The service also started providing its search results to other search engine portals in an effort to better compete in the market.
Windows Live Search
Windows Live Search homepage
The first public beta of Windows Live Search was unveiled on March 8, 2006, with the final release on September 11, 2006 replacing MSN Search. The new search engine used search tabs that include Web, news, images, music, desktop, local, and Microsoft Encarta.
In the roll-over from MSN Search to Windows Live Search, Microsoft stopped using Picsearch as their image search provider and started performing their own image search, fueled by their own internal image search algorithms.[13]
Live Search
Live Search homepage, which would help to create the Bing homepage later on
On March 21, 2007, Microsoft announced that it would separate its search developments from the Windows Live services family, rebranding the service as Live Search. Live Search was integrated into the Live Search and Ad Platform headed by Satya Nadella, part of Microsoft's Platform and Systems division. As part of this change, Live Search was merged with Microsoft adCenter.[14]
A series of reorganisations and consolidations of Microsoft's search offerings were made under the Live Search branding. On May 23, 2008, Microsoft announced the discontinuation of Live Search Books and Live Search Academic and integrated all academic and book search results into regular search, and as a result this also included the closure of Live Search Books Publisher Program. Soon after, Windows Live Expo was discontinued on July 31, 2008. Live Search Macros, a service for users to create their own custom search engines or use macros created by other users, was also discontinued shortly after. On May 15, 2009, Live Product Upload, a service which allowed merchants to upload products information onto Live Search Products, was discontinued. The final reorganisation came as Live Search QnA was rebranded as MSN QnA on February 18, 2009, however, it was subsequently discontinued on May 21, 2009.[15]
Rebrand as Bing
First Bing logo used until September 2013
Second Bing logo used from 2013 until 2016
Microsoft recognised that there would be a problem with branding as long as the word 'Live' remained in the name.[16] As an effort to create a new identity for Microsoft's search services, Live Search was officially replaced by Bing on June 3, 2009.[17]
The Bing name was chosen through focus groups, and Microsoft decided that the name was memorable, short, easy to spell, and that it would function well as a URL around the world. The word would remind people of the sound made during 'the moment of discovery and decision making.'[18] Microsoft was assisted by branding consultancy Interbrand in their search for the best name for the new search engine.[19] The name also has strong similarity to the word 'bingo', which is used to mean that something sought has been found or realized, as is interjected when winning the game Bingo.Microsoft advertising strategist David Webster originally proposed the name 'Bang' for the same reasons the name Bing was ultimately chosen (easy to spell, one syllable, and easy to remember). He noted, 'It's there, it's an exclamation point [...] It's the opposite of a question mark.' This name was ultimately not chosen because it could not be properly used as a verb in the context of an internet search; Webster commented 'Oh, 'I banged it' is very different than 'I binged it'.[20]
According to the Guardian '[Microsoft] hasn't confirmed that it stands recursively for Bing Is Not Google, but that's the sort of joke software engineers enjoy.'[21]Qi Lu, president of Microsoft Online Services, also announced that Bing's official Chinese name is bì yìng (simplified Chinese: å¿
åº; traditional Chinese: å¿
æ), which literally means 'very certain to respond' or 'very certain to answer' in Chinese.[22]
While being tested internally by Microsoft employees, Bing's codename was Kumo (ãã),[23] which came from the Japanese word for spider (èè; ãã, kumo) as well as cloud (é²; ãã, kumo), referring to the manner in which search engines 'spider' Internet resources to add them to their database, as well as cloud computing.
Legal challenges
On July 31, 2009, The Laptop Company, Inc. stated in a press release that it would challenge Bing's trademark application, alleging that Bing may cause confusion in the marketplace as Bing and their product BongoBing both do online product search.[24] Software company TeraByte Unlimited, which has a product called BootIt Next Generation (abbreviated to BING), also contended the trademark application on similar grounds, as did a Missouri-based design company called Bing! Information Design.[25]
Microsoft contended that claims challenging its trademark were without merit because these companies filed for U.S. federal trademark applications only after Microsoft filed for the Bing trademark in March 2009.[26]
Yahoo! search deal
On July 29, 2009, Microsoft and Yahoo! announced that they had made a ten-year deal in which the Yahoo! search engine would be replaced by Bing, retaining the Yahoo! user interface. Yahoo! will get to keep 88% of the revenue from all search ad sales on its site for the first five years of the deal, and have the right to sell advertising on some Microsoft sites.[27][28] All Yahoo! Search global customers and partners made the transition by early 2012.[7]
FeaturesInterface features
Media features
Instant answers
Local info
Third-party integration
Facebook users have the option to share their searches with their Facebook friends using Facebook Connect.[33]
On June 10, 2013, Apple announced that it would be dropping Google as its web search engine in favour of Bing.[34] This feature is only integrated with iOS 7 and higher and for users with an iPhone 4S or higher as the feature is only integrated with Siri, Apple's personal assistant.
Integration with Windows 8
Windows 8.1 includes Bing 'Smart Search' integration, which processes all queries submitted through the Windows Start Screen.[35] The Bing integration captures a variety of features, one of the most prominent and advertised: Hero Search. This feature allows users to browse for popular and well-known places, objects or people. Searching France, for example, will show popular search items, such as population, calling code and date founded. The current weather and location are also directly accessible using Bing Weather and Bing maps. The 'Hero' result will go further to provide attractions using Bing Images and popular websites relating to France, such as France Wikipedia and France's official website. Searching an artist will display similar results with the option to play music using the Windows 8-integrated Groove Music application.
![]() Translator
Bing Translator is a user facing translation portal provided by Microsoft to translate texts or entire web pages into different languages. All translation pairs are powered by the Microsoft Translator, a statistical machine translation platform and web service, developed by Microsoft Research, as its backend translation software. Two transliteration pairs (between Chinese (Simplified) and Chinese (Traditional)) are provided by Microsoft's Windows International team.[36] As of June 2019, Bing Translator offers translations in 60 different language systems.[37]
Bing Translator can translate phrases entered by the user or acquire a link to a web page and translate its entirely. When translating an entire web page, or when the user selects 'Translate this page' in Bing search results, the Bilingual Viewer is shown, which allows users to browse the original web page text and translation in parallel, supported by synchronized highlights, scrolling, and navigation.[38] Four Bilingual Viewer layouts are available: side by side, top and bottom, original with hover translation and translation with hover original.
Knowledge and Action Graph
In 2015 Microsoft announced its knowledge and action API to correspond with Google's Knowledge graph with 1 billion instances and 20 billion related facts.[39]
International
Bing is available in many languages and has been localized for many countries.[40] Even if the language of the search and of the results are the same, Bing delivers substantially different results for different parts of the world.[41]
Languages in which Bing can find results
Languages in which Bing can be displayed
![]() Search products
In addition to its tool for searching web pages, Bing also provides the following search offerings:[42]
Webmaster services
Bing allows webmasters to manage the web crawling status of their own websites through Bing Webmaster Center. Additionally, users may also submit contents to Bing via the Bing Local Listing Center, which allows businesses to add business listings onto Bing Maps and Bing Local.
Mobile services
Bing Mobile allow users to conduct search queries on their mobile devices, either via the mobile browser or a downloadable mobile application.
Developer services
Bing Application Programming Interface enables developers to programmatically submit queries and retrieve results from the Bing Engine.[46]
To use the Bing API developers have to obtain an Application ID.[47]
Bing API can be used with following protocols:
Query examples:
Bing News
Bing News (previously Live Search News)[48]âa news aggregator powered by artificial intelligenceâis a part of Microsoft's Bingsearch engine,[49] which processes billions of global searches. Operating in the United States and other international markets, Bing News displays the latest news stories on Bing.com/News on desktop and mobile, the Bing Search app, and through enterprise streams such as the Outlook News Connector, PowerBI[50] and Bing for business. Bing News also aggregates the most recent news articles in response to user search queries algorithmically on Bing.com.
Features
News headlines from various sources are aggregated and categorized into sections for users to browse, which include most read, trending, and breaking news stories as well as category-specific articles in areas such as business, politics, sports, science, tech and entertainment. The Bing News page also displays special events of national or global interest such as the U.S. presidential elections, Olympics, and award shows.
Depending on the user's location, localized news. Multimedia content are also incorporated on the news pages, including images and videos with smart-motion thumbnails similar to Bing Videos.[51][52]
Bing News also allow users to type in a search term to browse through an archive of news articles relevant to the search query. In addition, users may refine their results by location and category, or search with an alternative related search term.[53]RSS support was added on April 24, 2008, providing support for subscription to a specific news category or search results.[54] In March 2011 Microsoft added Twitter 'tweets' to its news results.[55]
In August 2015 Microsoft announced that Bing News for mobile devices added algorithmic-deduced 'smart labels' that essentially act as topic tags, allowing users to click through and explore possible relationships between different news stories. The feature emerged as a result from Microsoft research that found out about 60% of the people consume news by only reading headlines, rather than read the articles.[56] Other labels that have been deployed since then include publisher logos[57] and fact-check tags.
In June 2016, Bing News PubHub (pubhub.bing.com) launched, allowing publishers to submit their news sites for consideration of inclusion in Bing News. Distribution streams for the Bing Publisher Network extend beyond Bing News and Bing.com to Windows 10's Cortana, the Outlook News Connector, and the Bing search app on iOS and Android[58].
Bing News provides Industry News for Bing for Business, an enterprise search experience for Office 365 and Microsoft 365 using artificial intelligence and Microsoft Graph announced at the 2017 Microsoft Ignite Conference.[59] The Bing for business Industry News delivers a personalized newsfeed about the organization's activities, competitors, and industry.
SoftwareToolbars
The Bing Bar, a browser extensiontoolbar that replaced the MSN Toolbar, provides users with links to Bing and MSN content from within their web browser without needing to navigate away from a web page they are already on. The user can customize the theme and color scheme of the Bing Bar as well as choose which MSN content buttons to present within the user interface. Bing Bar also displays the current local weather forecast and stock market positions.[60]
The Bing Bar features integration with Microsoft Bing search engine. In addition to the traditional web search functions, Bing Bar also allows search on other Bing services such as Images, Video, News and Maps. When users perform a search on another search engine, the Bing Bar's search box will automatically populate itself, allowing the user to view the results from Bing, should it be desired.
Bing Bar also links to Outlook.com, Skype and Facebook.[61]
Desktop
Bing Desktop 1.3.475.0
Microsoft released a beta version of Bing Desktop, a program developed to allow users to search Bing from the desktop, on April 4, 2012.[62] The initial release followed shortly on April 24, 2012, supporting Windows 7 only.[63] With the release of version 1.1 in December 2012 it supported Windows XP and higher.[64]
Bing Desktop allows users to initiate a web search from the desktop, view news headlines, automatically set their background to the Bing homepage image, or choose a background from the previous nine background images.[65]
The discontinued Live Search versions of the Windows Sidebar gadgets
A similar program, the Bing Search gadget, was a Windows SidebarGadget that used Bing to fetch the user's search results and render them directly in the gadget. Another gadget, the Bing Maps gadget, displayed real-time traffic conditions using Bing Maps.[66] The gadget provided shortcuts to driving directions, local search and full-screen traffic view of major US and Canadian cities, including Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Denver, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, Montreal, New York City, Oklahoma City, Ottawa, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Pittsburgh, Portland, Providence, Sacramento, Salt Lake City, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle, St. Louis, Tampa, Toronto, Vancouver, and Washington, D.C.
Prior to October 30, 2007, the gadgets were known as Live Search gadget and Live Search Maps gadget; both gadgets were removed from Windows Live Gallery due to possible security concerns.[67] The Live Search Maps gadget was made available for download again on January 24, 2008 with the security concern addressed.[68] However around the introduction of Bing in June 2009 both gadgets have been removed again for download from Windows Live Gallery.
Market share
Before the launch of Bing, the market share of Microsoft web search pages (MSN and Live search) had been small. By January 2011, Experian Hitwise show that Bing's market share had increased to 12.8% at the expense of Yahoo! and Google. In the same period, comScore's '2010 U.S. Digital Year in Review' report showed that 'Bing was the big gainer in year-over-year search activity, picking up 29% more searches in 2010 than it did in 2009'.[69] The Wall Street Journal notes the 1% jump in share 'appeared to come at the expense of rival Google Inc'.[70] In February 2011, Bing beat Yahoo! for the first time with 4.37% search share while Yahoo! received 3.93%.[71]
Counting core searches only, i.e., those where the user has an intent to interact with the search result, Bing had a market share of 14.54% in the second quarter of 2011 in the United States.[33][72][73][74]
The combined 'Bing Powered' U.S. searches declined from 26.5% in 2011 to 25.9% in April 2012.[75] By November 2015, its market share had declined further to 20.9%.[76] As of October 2018, Bing is the third largest search engine in the US, with a query volume of 4.58%, behind Google (77%) and Baidu(14.45%). Yahoo! Search, which Bing largely powers, has 2.63%.
Marketing and advertisementsLive Search
Since 2006, Microsoft had conducted a number of tie-ins and promotions for promoting Microsoft's search offerings. These include:
Debut
Bing's debut featured an $80 to $100 million online, TV, print, and radio advertising campaign in the US. The advertisements do not mention other search engine competitors, such as Google and Yahoo!, directly by name; rather, they attempt to convince users to switch to Bing by focusing on Bing's search features and functionality.[80] The ads claim that Bing does a better job countering 'search overload'.[81]
'Decision engine'
Bing has been heavily advertised as a 'decision engine',[82] though thought by columnist David Berkowitz to be more closely related to a web portal.[83]
Bing Rewards
Bing Rewards was a loyalty program launched by Microsoft in September 2010. It was similar to two earlier services, SearchPerks! and Bing Cashback, which were subsequently discontinued.
Bing Rewards provided credits to users through regular Bing searches and special promotions.[84] These credits were then redeemed for various products including electronics, gift cards, sweepstakes, and charitable donations.[85] Initially, participants were required to download and use the Bing Bar for Internet Explorer in order to earn credits; but later the service was made to work with all desktop browsers.[86]
The Bing Rewards program was rebranded as 'Microsoft Rewards' in 2016,[87] at which point it was modified to only two levels, Level 1 and Level 2. Level 1 is similar to 'Member' and Level 2 is similar to 'Gold' of the previous Bing Rewards.
The Colbert Report
During the episode of The Colbert Report that aired on June 8, 2010, Stephen Colbert stated that Microsoft would donate $2,500 to help clean up the Gulf oil spill each time he mentioned the word 'Bing' on air. Colbert mostly mentioned Bing in out-of-context situations, such as Bing Crosby and Bing cherries. By the end of the show, Colbert had said the word 40 times, for a total donation of $100,000. Colbert poked fun at their rivalry with Google, stating 'Bing is a great website for doing Internet searches. I know that, because I Googled it.'[88][89]
Search deals
Bing was added into the list of search engines available in Opera browser from v10.6, but Google remained the default search engine.[90]Mozilla Firefox made a deal with Microsoft to jointly release 'Firefox with Bing',[91] an edition of Firefox where Bing has replaced Google as the default search engine.[92][93] The standard edition of Firefox has Google as its default search engine, but has included Bing in its list of search providers since Firefox version 4.0.[94]
In addition, Microsoft paid Verizon Wireless US$550 million[95] to use Bing as the default search provider on Verizon's BlackBerry and have Verizon 'turn off' (via BlackBerry service books) the other search providers available. Users could still access other search engines via the mobile browser.[96]
Bing It On
In 2012, a Bing marketing campaign asked the public which search engine they believed was better when its results were presented without branding, similar to the Pepsi Challenge in the 1970s.[97][98] This poll was nicknamed 'Bing It On'.[99][100] Microsoft presented a study of almost 1,000 people[101] which showed that 57% of participants in such a test preferred Bing's results, with only 30% preferring Google.[102]
Adult content
Bing censors results for 'adult' search terms for some regions, including India, People's Republic of China, Germany and Arab countries[103] where required by local laws.[104] However, Bing allows users to change their country or region preference to somewhere without restrictions, such as the United States, United Kingdom or Republic of Ireland.
CriticismCensorship
Microsoft has been criticized for censoring Bing search results to queries made in simplified Chinese characters which are used in mainland China. This is done to comply with the censorship requirements of the government in China.[105] Microsoft has not indicated a willingness to stop censoring search results in simplified Chinese characters in the wake of Google's decision to do so.[106] All simplified Chinese searches in Bing are censored regardless of the user's country.[107][108] The English-language search results of Bing in China has been skewed to show more content from state-run media like Xinhua News Agency and China Daily.[109] On 23 January 2019, Bing was blocked in China.[110] On 24 January, Bing was accessible again in China.[111]
On February 20, 2017, Bing agreed to a voluntary United Kingdom code of practice obligating it to demote links to copyright-infringing content in its search results.[112][113]
Performance issues
Bing has been criticized for being slower to index websites than Google. It has also been criticized for not indexing some websites at all.[114][115]
Allegedly copying Google's results
Bing has been criticized by competitor Google for utilizing user input via Internet Explorer, the Bing Toolbar, or Suggested Sites, to add results to Bing. After discovering in October 2010 that Bing appeared to be imitating Google's auto-correct results for a misspelling, despite not actually fixing the spelling of the term, Google set up a honeypot, configuring the Google search engine to return specific unrelated results for 100 nonsensical queries such as hiybbprqag.[116] Over the next couple of weeks, Google engineers entered the search term into Google, while using Microsoft Internet Explorer, with the Bing Toolbar installed and the optional Suggested Sites enabled. In 9 out of the 100 queries, Bing later started returning the same results as Google, despite the only apparent connection between the result and search term being that Google's results connected the two.[117][118]
Microsoft's response to this issue, coming from a company spokesperson, was: 'We do not copy Google's results.' Bing's Vice President, Harry Shum, later reiterated that the search result data Google claimed that Bing copied had in fact come from Bing's very own users. Shum wrote that 'we use over 1,000 different signals and features in our ranking algorithm. A small piece of that is clickstream data we get from some of our customers, who opt into sharing anonymous data as they navigate the web in order to help us improve the experience for all users.'[119]Microsoft stated that Bing was not intended to be a duplicate of any existing search engines.[120]
See alsoReferences
Further reading
External links
Media related to Bing at Wikimedia Commons
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bing_(search_engine)&oldid=902053352'
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